Cellulose ether

Cellulose ether is a general term for a series of products produced by the reaction of alkali cellulose and etherifying agent under certain conditions. Alkali cellulose is replaced by different etherifying agents to obtain different cellulose ethers. According to the ionization properties of substituents, cellulose ethers can be divided into two categories: ionic (such as carboxymethyl cellulose) and non-ionic (such as methyl cellulose). According to the type of substituent, cellulose ether can be divided into monoether (such as methyl cellulose) and mixed ether (such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose). According to different solubility, it can be divided into water-soluble (such as hydroxyethyl cellulose) and organic solvent-soluble (such as ethyl cellulose), etc. Dry-mixed mortar is mainly water-soluble cellulose, and water-soluble cellulose is divided into instant type and surface treated delayed dissolution type.

The mechanism of action of cellulose ether in mortar is as follows:
(1) After the cellulose ether in the mortar is dissolved in water, the effective and uniform distribution of the cementitious material in the system is ensured due to the surface activity, and the cellulose ether, as a protective colloid, “wraps” the solid particles and A layer of lubricating film is formed on its outer surface, which makes the mortar system more stable, and also improves the fluidity of the mortar during the mixing process and the smoothness of construction.
(2) Due to its own molecular structure, the cellulose ether solution makes the water in the mortar not easy to lose, and gradually releases it over a long period of time, endowing the mortar with good water retention and workability.

1. Methylcellulose (MC)
After the refined cotton is treated with alkali, cellulose ether is produced through a series of reactions with methane chloride as etherification agent. Generally, the degree of substitution is 1.6~2.0, and the solubility is also different with different degrees of substitution. It belongs to non-ionic cellulose ether.
(1) Methylcellulose is soluble in cold water, and it will be difficult to dissolve in hot water. Its aqueous solution is very stable in the range of pH=3~12. It has good compatibility with starch, guar gum, etc. and many surfactants. When the temperature reaches the gelation temperature, gelation occurs.
(2) The water retention of methyl cellulose depends on its addition amount, viscosity, particle fineness and dissolution rate. Generally, if the addition amount is large, the fineness is small, and the viscosity is large, the water retention rate is high. Among them, the amount of addition has the greatest impact on the water retention rate, and the level of viscosity is not directly proportional to the level of water retention rate. The dissolution rate mainly depends on the degree of surface modification of cellulose particles and particle fineness. Among the above cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose have higher water retention rates.
(3) Changes in temperature will seriously affect the water retention rate of methyl cellulose. Generally, the higher the temperature, the worse the water retention. If the mortar temperature exceeds 40°C, the water retention of methyl cellulose will be significantly reduced, seriously affecting the construction of the mortar.
(4) Methyl cellulose has a significant effect on the construction and adhesion of mortar. The “adhesion” here refers to the adhesive force felt between the worker’s applicator tool and the wall substrate, that is, the shear resistance of the mortar. The adhesiveness is high, the shear resistance of the mortar is large, and the strength required by the workers in the process of use is also large, and the construction performance of the mortar is poor. Methyl cellulose adhesion is at a moderate level in cellulose ether products.

2. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is a cellulose variety whose output and consumption have been increasing rapidly in recent years. It is a non-ionic cellulose mixed ether made from refined cotton after alkalization, using propylene oxide and methyl chloride as etherification agent, through a series of reactions. The degree of substitution is generally 1.2~2.0. Its properties are different due to the different ratios of methoxyl content and hydroxypropyl content.
(1) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is easily soluble in cold water, and it will encounter difficulties in dissolving in hot water. But its gelation temperature in hot water is significantly higher than that of methyl cellulose. The solubility in cold water is also greatly improved compared with methyl cellulose.
(2) The viscosity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is related to its molecular weight, and the larger the molecular weight, the higher the viscosity. Temperature also affects its viscosity, as temperature increases, viscosity decreases. However, its high viscosity has a lower temperature effect than methyl cellulose. Its solution is stable when stored at room temperature.
(3) The water retention of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose depends on its addition amount, viscosity, etc., and its water retention rate under the same addition amount is higher than that of methyl cellulose.
(4) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is stable to acid and alkali, and its aqueous solution is very stable in the range of pH=2~12. Caustic soda and lime water have little effect on its performance, but alkali can speed up its dissolution and increase its viscosity. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is stable to common salts, but when the concentration of salt solution is high, the viscosity of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution tends to increase.
(5) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose can be mixed with water-soluble polymer compounds to form a uniform and higher viscosity solution. Such as polyvinyl alcohol, starch ether, vegetable gum, etc.
(6) Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose has better enzyme resistance than methylcellulose, and its solution is less likely to be degraded by enzymes than methylcellulose.
(7) The adhesion of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose to mortar construction is higher than that of methylcellulose.

3. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
It is made from refined cotton treated with alkali, and reacted with ethylene oxide as etherification agent in the presence of acetone. The degree of substitution is generally 1.5~2.0. Has strong hydrophilicity and is easy to absorb moisture
(1) Hydroxyethyl cellulose is soluble in cold water, but it is difficult to dissolve in hot water. Its solution is stable at high temperature without gelling. It can be used for a long time under high temperature in mortar, but its water retention is lower than that of methyl cellulose.
(2) Hydroxyethyl cellulose is stable to general acid and alkali. Alkali can accelerate its dissolution and slightly increase its viscosity. Its dispersibility in water is slightly worse than that of methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. .
(3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose has good anti-sag performance for mortar, but it has a longer retarding time for cement.
(4) The performance of hydroxyethyl cellulose produced by some domestic enterprises is obviously lower than that of methyl cellulose due to its high water content and high ash content.

4. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Ionic cellulose ether is made from natural fibers (cotton, etc.) after alkali treatment, using sodium monochloroacetate as etherification agent, and undergoing a series of reaction treatments. The degree of substitution is generally 0.4~1.4, and its performance is greatly affected by the degree of substitution.
(1) Carboxymethyl cellulose is more hygroscopic, and it will contain more water when stored under general conditions.
(2) Carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution will not produce gel, and the viscosity will decrease with the increase of temperature. When the temperature exceeds 50°C, the viscosity is irreversible.
(3) Its stability is greatly affected by pH. Generally, it can be used in gypsum-based mortar, but not in cement-based mortar. When highly alkaline, it loses viscosity.
(4) Its water retention is far lower than that of methyl cellulose. It has a retarding effect on gypsum-based mortar and reduces its strength. However, the price of carboxymethyl cellulose is significantly lower than that of methyl cellulose.

Redispersible polymer rubber powder
Redispersible rubber powder is processed by spray drying of special polymer emulsion. In the process of processing, protective colloid, anti-caking agent, etc. become indispensable additives. The dried rubber powder is some spherical particles of 80~100mm gathered together. These particles are soluble in water and form a stable dispersion slightly larger than the original emulsion particles. This dispersion will form a film after dehydration and drying. This film is as irreversible as the general emulsion film formation, and will not redisperse when it meets water. Dispersions.

Redispersible rubber powder can be divided into: styrene-butadiene copolymer, tertiary carbonic acid ethylene copolymer, ethylene-acetate acetic acid copolymer, etc., and based on this, silicone, vinyl laurate, etc. are grafted to improve performance. Different modification measures make the redispersible rubber powder have different properties such as water resistance, alkali resistance, weather resistance and flexibility. Contains vinyl laurate and silicone, which can make the rubber powder have good hydrophobicity. Highly branched vinyl tertiary carbonate with low Tg value and good flexibility.

When these kinds of rubber powders are applied to mortar, they all have a delaying effect on the setting time of cement, but the delaying effect is smaller than that of direct application of similar emulsions. In comparison, styrene-butadiene has the largest retarding effect, and ethylene-vinyl acetate has the smallest retarding effect. If the dosage is too small, the effect of improving the performance of mortar is not obvious.

Polypropylene fibers
Polypropylene fiber is made of polypropylene as raw material and appropriate amount of modifier. The fiber diameter is generally about 40 microns, the tensile strength is 300~400mpa, the elastic modulus is ≥3500mpa, and the ultimate elongation is 15~18%. Its performance characteristics:
(1) Polypropylene fibers are uniformly distributed in three-dimensional random directions in the mortar, forming a network reinforcement system. If 1 kg of polypropylene fiber is added to each ton of mortar, more than 30 million monofilament fibers can be obtained.
(2) Adding polypropylene fiber to the mortar can effectively reduce the shrinkage cracks of the mortar in the plastic state. Whether these cracks are visible or not. And it can significantly reduce the surface bleeding and aggregate settlement of fresh mortar.
(3) For the mortar hardened body, polypropylene fiber can significantly reduce the number of deformation cracks. That is, when the mortar hardening body produces stress due to deformation, it can resist and transmit stress. When the mortar hardening body cracks, it can passivate the stress concentration at the tip of the crack and restrict the crack expansion.
(4) Efficient dispersion of polypropylene fibers in mortar production will become a difficult problem. Mixing equipment, fiber type and dosage, mortar ratio and its process parameters will all become important factors affecting dispersion.

air entraining agent
Air-entraining agent is a kind of surfactant that can form stable air bubbles in fresh concrete or mortar by physical methods. Mainly include: rosin and its thermal polymers, non-ionic surfactants, alkylbenzene sulfonates, lignosulfonates, carboxylic acids and their salts, etc.
Air-entraining agents are often used to prepare plastering mortars and masonry mortars. Due to the addition of air-entraining agent, some changes in mortar performance will be brought about.
(1) Due to the introduction of air bubbles, the ease and construction of freshly mixed mortar can be increased, and bleeding can be reduced.
(2) Simply using the air-entraining agent will reduce the strength and elasticity of the mold in the mortar. If the air-entraining agent and water-reducing agent are used together, and the ratio is appropriate, the strength value will not decrease.
(3) It can significantly improve the frost resistance of the hardened mortar, improve the impermeability of the mortar, and improve the erosion resistance of the hardened mortar.
(4) The air-entraining agent will increase the air content of the mortar, which will increase the shrinkage of the mortar, and the shrinkage value can be appropriately reduced by adding a water reducing agent.

Since the amount of air-entraining agent added is very small, generally only accounting for a few ten-thousandths of the total amount of cementitious materials, it must be ensured that it is accurately metered and mixed in during mortar production; factors such as stirring methods and stirring time will seriously affect the air-entraining amount. Therefore, under the current domestic production and construction conditions, adding air-entraining agents to the mortar requires a lot of experimental work.

early strength agent
Used to improve the early strength of concrete and mortar, sulfate early strength agents are commonly used, mainly including sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, aluminum sulfate and potassium aluminum sulfate.
Generally, anhydrous sodium sulfate is widely used, and its dosage is low and the effect of early strength is good, but if the dosage is too large, it will cause expansion and cracking in the later stage, and at the same time, alkali return will occur, which will affect the appearance and the effect of the surface decoration layer.
Calcium formate is also a good antifreeze agent. It has good early strength effect, less side effects, good compatibility with other admixtures, and many properties are better than sulfate early strength agents, but the price is higher.

antifreeze
If the mortar is used at negative temperature, if no antifreeze measures are taken, frost damage will occur and the strength of the hardened body will be destroyed. Antifreeze prevents freezing damage from two ways of preventing freezing and improving the early strength of mortar.
Among commonly used antifreeze agents, calcium nitrite and sodium nitrite have the best antifreeze effects. Since calcium nitrite does not contain potassium and sodium ions, it can reduce the occurrence of alkali aggregate when used in concrete, but its workability is slightly poor when used in mortar, while sodium nitrite has better workability. Antifreeze is used in combination with early strength agent and water reducer to obtain satisfactory results. When the dry-mixed mortar with antifreeze is used at ultra-low negative temperature, the temperature of the mixture should be increased appropriately, such as mixing with warm water.
If the amount of antifreeze is too high, it will reduce the strength of the mortar in the later stage, and the surface of the hardened mortar will have problems such as alkali return, which will affect the appearance and the effect of the surface decoration layer.